Yosemite: Rights to its Legacy and Name

Yosemite: Rights to its Legacy and Name The planet Earth is an endless landscape of natural beauty, populated by people of many different cultures, races, and ethnic groups, each speaking various languages and practicing numerous religions. No matter ones religion, language, race, culture or ancestry, we are all one human race living on one planet. We have inherited the planet Earth from our ancestors; therefore it is an important part of our heritage, traditions, and cultures that make us who we are today. To appreciate our landscapes and the beauty of our planet, one must explore and appreciate its many wonders. Whether one lives in the suburbs or the city, it is most likely it is a short drive to see the beauty of the Earths landscapes that surround us. Aside, from natures scenery, there are many geographical settings that are a huge part of our heritage and civilization. Many of these landscapes are defined as cultural landscapes, geographic area where a historical event or places which show evidence that a person or a group of people have had a cultural impact(NPS). The Cultural Landscape Foundation defines these landscapes, as those sites that include historic sites, historic designed, historic vernacular and ethnographic landscapes, which reveal aspects of the countrys origins and relationships with the natural world(TCLF). Many countries have their own cultural landscapes that attract visitors from around the world, each offering its own unique aspects of the world and provides scenic, economic, ecological, social, recreational, and educational opportunities(TCLF). These cultural landscapes are pictures, similar to a family portrait, which one cherishes, protects and preserves for the future generation. These images tell a story that teaches us about our history, cultures, and traditions. One cultural landscape that is an important part of North American heritage is Yosemite National Park, which is situated in Californias central Sierra Nevada Mountain Range(NPS). This American antiquity is rich in ethnographic landscapes, which are natural resources that connect people with heritages, land settlements, sacred religious or ceremonial grounds, communities, and geological structures (TCLF). This federally designated park consists of 747,956 acres of wilderness, roughly the size of the state of Rhode Isla nd and is home to five of the worlds highest waterfalls and groves of Giant Sequoias (NPS). Yosemite is an archaeological wonder, which tells the story of Americas rich history long before Christopher Columbus came to America. The recorded history is that of the first settlers, the Ahwahneechee, the Native American people who lived on the land 8,000-10,000 years ago (Hamilton 12). According to US Parks website the native people of Yosemite had a rich heritage and culture of traditions, religion, songs and lived fairly peacefully in the Sierra Nevada foothill, until the arrival of Euro-American miners (US Parks). During the California Gold Rush (1848-1855), European- American settlers traveled to the Sierra Nevada to mine the land and seek their fortunes (Hamilton 12). Soon after their arrival, the local natives desperately tried to protect their homeland from the white settlers greed and the damage they are doing to their land. By 1849, thousands of miners had settled in the Sierra Nevada, forcing the natives in the valley region. In retaliation, the native attacked the pro spectors, leading to Mariposa War in December 1850 (Military Museum). In hopes of ending the conflict, James Savage, a businessman, and soldier of the Mexican-American Savage organized a militia of miners, who called themselves, the Mariposa Battalion, to violently force out the native populations and take over the land for the mining of gold (US Parks). The war ended in July 1851, with the signing of a peace treaty and also led to the discovery of the Yosemite Valley (Military Museum). The discovery spread across the world, drawing more settlers to the area. In the years that followed, given Yosemites uniqueness of natural landscapes and formations, the park attracted photographers and artist to create images of the majestic landscape, hence nicknaming it The Incomparable Valley (NPS). The valley also caught the attention of scientist, historians, and educators, who studied the landscape and the natural environment (NPS). However, over time the valley began to show signs of ecosystem damage, and for that reason, President Abraham Lincoln stepped in and created the Yosemite Grant Act, to protect Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove(MilitaryMuseum.org). The act was signed in 1864, relinquishing the land to the State of California, making it the first land ser aside wholly for preservation, public use and our nations first state park(Military Museum.org). According to the National Park Service, an estimated 4 million people from around the world visit the park each year to enjoy the majestic beauty and history of yesterday(NPS). For the outdoor adventurer, the park offers camping, hiking and for the more adventurous, the thrill of rock climbing. Tourists can explore the historic mining sites, tour the primate lodging establishments, and villages of theAhwahneechee people. For educators, students and visitors who want to learn the history and explore the geological findings, the Yosemite Museum houses a magnificent collection of more than four million artifacts and over 10,000 books (NPS). In 1984, UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, recognized Yosemite National Park, a natural and cultural heritage site which is valuable to humanity and the enjoyment of future generations and declared it a World Heritage Site (UNESCO). As a WHS, Yosemite is protected by the mission of the World Heritage Convention, an international partnership and legal presentation which safeguards cultural or natural places of outstanding universal value(UNESCO). To date, there are 1677 sites on the WSH list, and each year more are added or removed. Currently, 55 WHS, in threat of disappearance caused by natural deterioration, causes or disasters, land development, war, and or changes in ownership (UNESCO). In 2016, Yosemite National Park was is such danger and needed the assistance of UNESCO to protect it. For as Yosemites tourism grew, so did its need for a park management plan, contracts, and services from outside the US Parks Service and eventually, Yosemite was operating like Disney World, with themed hotels, concession stands, restaurants, and attractions. With that came big business and profits for those businesses not associated with the parks service and government of California. Even though Yosemite is a national landmark and protected by the state of California and the federal government, the Antiquities Act, the Parks Service, and UNESCO, the park is in peril. It is not in danger of environmental issues or changes due to human impact, the danger lurches from a big commercial enterprise. On March 1, 2016, US Park Service decided not to renew the contract of Delaware North, the hospitality company, who since 1993 operated the restaurants, hotels, shops, and other properties at Yosemite Park (Fuller). When the contract expired, the company took claim to the parks name and properties and refused to turn it over to the new hospitality company, Aramark (Hiltzik). Thus, forcing the National Park Service to either buy back the name or rename on the park, hotels, and attractions. According to an article in the Washington Post, journalist Sarah Kaplan stated that on the day Delaware Norths contract expired, two National Historic Landmark were renamed. The Ahwahnee Hotel became the Majestic Yosemite and Curry Village was renamed Half-Dome Village(Kaplan). All merchandise bearing the name Yosemite National Park was removed from gift shop(Kaplan). According to an article written by attorneys Klein Wilson, the lawsuit, has transformed the park [into a place where visitors feel a s if] greed has infiltrated [their world] (Klein Wilson). Changing the iconic names would take away everything we have come to know and cherish about the uniqueness, history, and heritage of the park. For the exclusive purpose of greed, a company is threatening to destroy the name of a national world heritage site, a global antiquity and a natural wonder of the world. A similar case of the rights to cultural property is the political and scientific legal battle over ÃÆ'-tzi the Iceman who was found near Hauslabjoch in the ÃÆ'-tzal Alps. According to the story, On September 19, 1991, two German hikers came across a well-preserved body of a man frozen in the ice (South Tyrol Museum). Since the discovery site was in close proximity to the Austrian-Italian border, neither government knew who had claimed to the 5,300-year-old corpse (South Tyrol Museum). After an investigation by Austrian scientists and archeologists, who believed him to be an ancient Austrian Trader, they nicknamed him ÃÆ'-tzi, after the region in which he was found. (South Tyrol Museum). However, after further research, it was discovered that the Iceman was actually an Ancient Italian Trader and the Italian government demanded the return of their cultural property. In 2001, based on this scientific evidence, Ortzi was returned to his homeland and now rests in the South Tyrol Museu m of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy (South Tyrol Museum). In the case of Delaware North vs.Yosemite, the battle is over the legal rights to the trademarked name of a national icon. According to an article by Thomas Fuller, in the NY Times, the United States Trademark Act bars a trademark that falsely suggests a connection with a national symbol (Fuller). Fuller furthermore states, according to Sarah Maxwell, an official at the trademark office, the law bars trademarking national or state flags, but there was no explicit prohibition on the trademarking of other American icons(Fuller) According to Dan Jensen, a consultant to Delaware North, trademarking is a standard practice and Delaware North just wants its successor, Aramark, to pay for the full value of the intellectual property it is now managing(Hiltzik). Intellectual propertyrefers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce(WIPO)[A1]. In this lawsuit, the logos, images, and designs created by Delaware North are legally owned by them. Even though there are federal acts, and organizations like UNESCO to protect and preserve our national landmarks and cultural antiquities, there are loopholes that allow companies and groups to stake a claim to the properties. For example, many famous stadiums and arenas names are changed to sponsors name. To name a few, Riverfront Stadium, became Cinergy Field, San Diego Stadium was renamed Petco Park and legendary Candlestick Park is now known as ATT Park (Morran). Although stadiums arent national landmarks, they still hold the same historical significant for those who grown up going to those stadiums. For instance, baseball player, Willie Mays played his last game of his career at Shea Stadium, not Citi Field. [A2]Larry Bird played basketball at the renowned Boston Garden, not at TD Garden. [A3][A4][A5][A6] When did we become a country where marketing and profit were more important that [A7]holding on to our heritage? Our nations capital is named after our first [A8][A9]president George Washington. The Kennedy and Johnson Space Centers are named for presidents John F Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, who supported the space program. Many buildings are dedicated to soldiers and others who have made the ultimate sacrifice for their country. If we allow corporations to change the names of these properties, we are permitting them to disrespect the memory of these great people and our history. We should never allow corporations for the mere purpose of marketing their products to change the names of historical sites and national landmarks. What if Taco Bell, bought the Statue of Liberty, would it be renamed The Taco Bell Lady? As more and more concessionaires, like Pepsi, Papa John, and [A10]Starbucks, are operating at historical landmarks, will the case of Delaware North set a precedent? Imagine Y ellowstone Park, being Starbucks Park or Niagara Falls, renamed Papa John Falls. This is what will happen if we continue to consent to commercialization of America.[A11][A12][A13] As an American citizen, one should stand up to the greed that threatens to destroy our heritage. We should look beyond the laws and statutes that allow companies to take away the names of cultural landscapes and properties that represents our nation and its people. It is our responsibility to protect and preserve this planet we inherited, and as in doing so, we are respecting and preserving the legacy of every World Heritage Site, so as to preserve the history for future generations. Works Cited   Ã‚   Beck, Warren A, and Ynez D Hasse. California and the Indian Wars: Mariposa Indian War, 1850-1851. California and the Indian Wars: Mariposa Indian War, 1850-1851, www.militarymuseum.org/Mariposa.html. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017. Fuller, Thomas. Bitter Contract Dispute Extends to Who Owns Yosemite Names. The New York Times, The New York Times, 1 Mar. 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/us/bitter-contract-dispute-extends-to-who-owns-yosemite-national-park-names.html. Accessed 1 Mar. 2017. Hamilton, John. History. Yosemite National Park, Abdo Pub., Edina, MN, 2005, p. 12. Hiltzik, Michael. The Corporate Grab behind the Yosemite Park Trademark Clash. Los Angeles Times, www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik Accessed 15 Mar. 2017. Kaplan, Sarah. A Private Company Trademarked the Phrase Yosemite National Park. Should the U.S. Pay to Get It Back? The Washington Post, WP Company, 21 Mar. 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/21 Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. Klein Wilson. Defend Yourself against Copyright Infringement. Klein Wilson, 1 Mar. 2017, www.kleinandwilson.com/blog/2017/03/defend-yourself-against-copyright-infringement.shtml. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017 Morran, Chris. 20 Years Ago, Only 1 Baseball Stadium Had A Corporate Sponsor; Now All But 9 Do.Consumerist, 27 Sept. 2016, consumerist.com/2014/02/06/20-years-ago-only-1-baseball-stadium-had-a-corporate-sponsor-now-all-but-9-do/. Accessed 11 Mar. 2017. NPS. Defining Landscape Terminology / Cultural Landscape Guidelines. National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/tps/standards/four-treatments/landscape-guidelines/terminology.htm. Accessed 6 Mar. 2017. NPS. Rethinking the National Parks for the 21st Century. National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/policy/report.htm. Accessed 5 Mar. 2017. NPS. Yosemite National Park Celebrates 120th Birthday on October 1. National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/yose120.htm. Accessed 5 Mar. 2017.. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. The Discovery. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, www.iceman.it/en/the-discovery. Accessed 1 Mar. 2017. TCLF. About Cultural Landscapes. About Cultural Landscapes | The Cultural Landscape Foundation, The Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2001, tclf.org/places/about-cultural-landscapes. Accessed 6 Mar. 2017. UNESCO. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/En/Culturallandscape, whc.unesco.org/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017. US Parks Yosemite National Park History. Yosemite National Park History, National Parks Travel Guide Road Trip Planning, www.us-parks.com/yosemite-national-park/history.html. Accessed 5 Mar. 2017. WIPO. What is Intellectual Property? WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization. Accessed Web. 12 Mar. 2017. [A1]Inserted: IPO [A2]Inserted: , [A3]Deleted:, [A4]Deleted:ipo [A5]Deleted:s [A6]Deleted:, [A7]Inserted: ere [A8]Inserted: te [A9]Inserted: a [A10]Inserted: , [A11]Deleted:as [A12]Deleted:o [A13]Deleted:s

Mother Teresa Essay -- essays research papers

She dedicated her life serving the poor. She loved the unloved, cared for the un-cared, helped the dying, the cripple, and the mentally ill. She served everyone with her love and the love of God. She touched the hearts of those who doubted her because of her love and commitment to God. Mother Teresa lived an extraordinary life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later named Mother Teresa, was born on August 26, 1910 in Skopje, Yugoslavia. She was born into an Albanian Roman Catholic family. There were three children, one boy and two girls. She was the youngest. She attended the government school. In her teens, Agnes became a member of a youth group in her local parish called Sodality. Through her involvement with their activities guided by Yugoslavian priests, Agnes became interested in missionaries in India. There, letters from Yugoslavian priests working in Bengal were read. Young Agnes was one of the Sodalists who volunteered for the Bengal Mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When she turned eighteen, she left home to join the Irish Loreto order, whose Sisters ran a mission in Calcutta, India. Mother Teresa’s first assignment was teaching high school girls in Calcutta from 1929 to 1946. There she taught geography at the St. Mary’s High School. For some years, she was a principal of the school and was also in charge of the Daughters of St. Anne, the Indian religious order attached to the Loreto Sisters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By December 1, 1928 Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu had chosen the name of Sister Mary Teresa of the Child Christ after Teresa of Liseux. â€Å"On May 24, 1937, Sister Teresa committed herself to her vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience for life and in doing so became, as was then usual for Loreto nuns, ‘Mother Teresa’† (Spink 17).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1946, she wanted to work directly with the poor. She applied for permission to go out and work among the poor in the slums of the city. â€Å"It was among these people that she felt a call to work, and to spend the rest of her life, in daily contact with them† (Spink 224). Her request to work with the poor was granted. Finally, she changed from the uniform of the Loreto order to the customary cheap Indian sari. Her work started after an intensive course in nursing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to the Sisters, Mother Teresa founded four other bra... ...d.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing one’s goal and devoting her life to the helpless, this is the story of Mother Teresa. Not only was she a servant of god, she was recognized as a mother to many. â€Å"I'm just a little pencil in his hand. Tomorrow, if he finds somebody more helpless, more hopeless, I think he will do still greater things with her and through her† (Crimp 85). Mother Teresa lived an extraordinary life. With one word to describe her, I would say she was miraculous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Crimp, Susan. Touched by a Saint: Personal Encounters with Mother Teresa. Notre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dame, Indiana: Sorin Books, 2000. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something Beautiful for God: Mother Teresa of Calcutta. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York: Harper & Row, 1971. Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. San Francisco:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. -------.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Miracle of Love: Mother Teresa of Calcutta, her Missionaries of Charity, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her Co-workers. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981.

What Factors Propelled Many Countries to Implement Import Substitution Industrialisation

What factors propelled many countries to implement Import Substitution Industrialisation? To what extent did the strategy succeed in helping economies to boost growth rates and to overcome balance of payments constraints? According to Braer, ‘import substitution and industrialisation is an attempt by economically less developed countries to break out of the world division of labour. Braer 1972), This division of labour meant that the developing nations from Latin America, Africa and East Asia were mainly producers of foods and raw materials and felt they needed to enter into the world market through production of manufactured goods that were previously imported. The impetus for this was the need for growth in their respective economies. A second propelling factor for the implication of ISI in these developing nations is that the firms believed that they needed protection from the free market and their international competitors, while they were in the infant stages of development. If left unprotected firms in the developing nations would have found themselves vulnerable to the low prices of the powerful developed nations who looking to export goods into the developing nations. A further stimulus for country’s to implement an ISI policy on exports is the industrialisation that had already occurred in various developed nations. The developing nations set out to create a framework on domestic industry that would enable them to gain the technological expertise and infrastructure to enable them to become a permanent competitor in the world market and bridge the gap between themselves and the more developed nations. These developing nations were located mainly in 3 different areas of the world, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and East Asia. Each engaging in ISI based strategies with a diverse range of methods, to varied success. Further symptoms these nations shared before they implemented ISI strategies are; wages being held down by surplus labour, which can usually be attributed to large population or lack of non-agricultural employment equating to poor distribution in the economy. Strong competition on exports was also a property of many of the countries needing ISI policies within their economies, in many cases the competition may have been with developed nations who were able to produce with low costs due to economies of scale and strong political power. Finally analysts derived from Engel curves the income elasticity of demand for agricultural products and raw materials declined as the incomes in the more developed nations reaches higher and higher levels, meaning that countries that were undeveloped and still saw agriculture and raw material production as there lead industries were doomed in terms of being able to experience growth on the back of production mainly to be exported to the north, as gradually over time the prices for their products would surely drop. Bruton 1998) There are many different examples for us to analyse the extent of the success that ISI policies brought to countries economies and their growth rates. Scholars have outlined many issues in implementing policies of ISI; these can be empirically referred to through the facts of what happened to countries in the earlier mentioned areas, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. The policies being the countries in the respective area were similar, differences lay in o ther areas of the ISI they implemented Nissanke 2001; One issue that stands out almost across all of the area’s are the problems that arose from implementing ISI to encourage heavy development in industry, through offering supportive policy and cheap finance for manufacturing firms looking to grow within their respective nations. This large transfer of labour between primary and secondary sectors through heavy taxation of agricultural firms, left the traditional primary product export sector was damaged. Also a few of the countries made mistakes in the way in which they injected their capital into the economy in order to stimulate growth. In Latin America for example where the governments created banks that were used to give out funds to firms looking to enter into manufacture but are unable to gain capital in order to set up elsewhere, however in the case of countries like Brazil and Mexico issue’s arose with their ISI policies, the south American developing nations found themselves lacking in strategy and infrastructure. The reason they were found lacking is explained by scholars to be down to the policies implemented under ISI, with them making the industry in their countries have lots of small firms unable to make up efficiency and reduce costs compared to international competition with larger firms able to experience economies of scale. The opposite happened in countries like Korea and China, where firms were given more government input and large corporations where encouraged, to allow firms to gain the reviously mentioned economies of scale. In contrast to their European counterparts in the car market who were always looking to increase their exports and consult with competitors both inside and outside their nation in order to reduce production costs and increase efficiency, the closed off nature of the ISI policies that there governments had imposed, car firms were found to be lacking in efficiency of production, management, and human capital. All of this meant that instead of developing in order to compete internationally through reducing imports to increase internal growth, south American firms found themselves unable to compete on price with the world car market, and getting further behind as time went by in terms of efficiency. (Baranson 1969) Tariffs and non-tariff barriers were used by developing nations to help develop their industries and remove problems with their balance of payments caused by intense competition from external more developed economies. However scholars have commented that instead of the desired internationally competitive markets in industry and other secondary markets, Economies showed similar attributes, these attributes can be described as ISI syndrome, the first feature of this model being a heavy reliance by firms on the central planning agency (the government) to make strategic decisions and also for finance. This can partly be attributed to the idea that much of the technology used in developing nations to produce is learnt from firms who operate out of more developed nations (such as the US or the UK). The policies to discourage foreign direct investment from these nations also stopped this source of learning of technology and also strategy, production methods and management skills. Economists have noted that the effects of this lack of knowledge grew exponentially as the developed nations grew more and more productive, the non developed nations now lacking in FDI from productive firms lagged further behind, making price competition and growth through exports a very difficult task. Exchange rates also caused problems in countries that had implemented ISI, with the conditions following ISI policies being ones of overvalued exchange rates, which then led to unemployment and underutilizations of the nfrastructure of their economies. The lack of employment stumping the growth rates of the economy, as this can only be maximised by utilising the nation’s entire work for to as much extent as physically possible. To conclude, in recent years (the last 15) economic policy and literature has been mostly based on outward oriented approach when looking at how a nations should go about developing at a strong growth rate with as little issues with balance of payments a nd efficiency. This is due to the many advantages of encouraging FDI economies can benefit from. Such as technological skills, management skills, and business strategy knowledge that filter out into other firms operating in the nation hosting the FDI. This leaking of knowledge appears to be lacking in the examples talked about above, as the resulting ‘ISI syndrome’ they experienced showed a lack of these mentioned assets in the firms of Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. Also we can suggest that the extent to which ISI implementation was successful in these countries may have been reduced due to the government official’s abilities who actually put in place the specific tariffs, policies and funding required. It is suggested that many government officials at the time where remnants of previous regimes and sometimes ignored the specific advice of the forward thinking development advisors. This made policy and tariff instruments specific clauses sometimes random causing issues and failures in the market.

Transnational Service Organization Unaids Essay

Transnational service organization: UNAIDS The goals of UNAIDS which is a joint program of the United Nations, are to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV/AIDs, prevent HIV among drug users, eliminate new cases of HIV in children, to reach some 15 million living with HIV with antiretroviral drugs, avoid tuberculosis deaths, close the resource gap, eliminate gender inequalities, eliminate stigma and discrimination, and to eliminate violence towards women and girls (www.UNAIDs.org). With so many objectives and goals, UNAIDS has a number of cosponsors. These cosponsors and their objectives are as follows: UNHCR: â€Å"UNHCR runs substantial HIV programs in Africa, Asia, the Americas, the Middle East and eastern Europe. Under the UNAIDS Division of Labor, UNHCR co-convenes the Inter-Agency Task Team on Addressing HIV in Humanitarian Emergencies, which involves, among other tasks, coordinating HIV technical support for displaced populations. As the lead organization responsible for such populations, UNHCR plays a pivotal role, serving as an entry point for governments and other relevant country-level stakeholders requiring particular UNAIDS technical support.† (http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2014/UNHCR_cosponsor-brochure). UNICEF: â€Å"UNICEF, a founding Cosponsor of UNAIDS, is the leading voice for children in the global AIDS response. It aims for an AIDS-free generation in which all children are born free of HIV, and where children living with, and affected by, theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Chinese Government : The Vietnamese Government2518 Words   |  11 PagesAlice Oliver Color of AIDS – Final Exam May 9th, 2015 UNAIDS v. 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